Saraswat World

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the implementation to a class that extends it. In such case we declare a class as abstract. To make a class abstract we use key word abstract. Any class that contains one…

final access modifier can be used for class, method and variables. The main advantage of final access modifier is security no one can modify our classes, variables and methods. The main disadvantage of final access modifier is we cannot implement oops concepts in java. Ex : Inheritance, polymorphism. final class : A final class cannot…

We can use all access modifiers public, private, protected and default for variables.public : When a variables is declared as public it can be accessed1) In the same class2) In the same package subclass3) In the same package non subclass4) In the different package subclass5) In the different package non subclass. default : When a…

We can use all access modifiers public, private, protected and default for methods.public : When a method is declared as public it can be accessed1) In the same class2) In the same package subclass3) In the same package non subclass4) In the different package subclass5) In the different package non subclass. default : When a…

We can use only two access modifiers for class public and default.public: A class with public modifier can be visible1) In the same class2) In the same package subclass3) In the same package nonsubclass4) In the different package subclass5) In the different package non subclass.default : A class with default modifier can be accesed1) In…

In C++ we have access specifiers as public, private, protected and default and access modifiers as static, final. But there is no such division of access specifiers and access modifiers in java. In Java we have access modifiers and non access modifiers. Access Modifiers : public, private, protected, default Non Access Modifiers : abstract, final,…

The important feature of encapsulation is access control. By preventing access control we can misuse of class, methods and members. A class, method or variable can be accessed is determined by the access modifier. There are three types of access modifiers in java. public, private, protected. If no access modifier is specified then it has…

Identifiers are names in java program. Identifiers can be class name, method name or variable name. Rules for defining identifiers in java: 1) Identifiers must start with letter, Underscore or dollar($) sign.2) Identifiers can’t start with numbers .3) There is no limit on number of characters in identifier but not recommended to have more than…

We can’t define package statement after import statement in java. Package statement must be the first statement in source file. We can have comments before the package statement

Package is a mechanism to group related classes ,interfaces and enums in to a single module. Package can be declared using the following statement : Syntax : Coding Convention : package name should be declared in small letters. package statement defines the namespace. The main use of package is: 1) To resolve naming conflicts 2)…

For top level class only two access modifiers are allowed. public and default. If a class is declared aspublic it is visible everywhere.If a class is declared default it is visible only in same package.If we try to give private and protected as access modifier to class we get the below compilation error.Illegal Modifier for…

Yes we can have multiple classes in single file but it people rarely do that and not recommended. We canhave multiple classes in File but only one class can be made public. If we try to make two classes in Filepublic we get following compilation error.“The public type must be defined in its own file”

When a reference variable doesn’t point to any value it is assigned null.Example : Employee employee;In the above example employee object is not instantiate so it is pointed no where.

Instanceof operator is used to test the object is of which type. Syntax : instanceof Instanceof returns true if reference expression is subtype of destination type. Instanceof returns false if reference expression is null. Example : Since a is integer object it returns true.There will be a compile time check whether reference expression is subtype…

IS-A RELATIONSHIP HAS- A RELATIONSHIP Is a relationship also known as inheritance Has a relationship also known as composition or aggregation. For IS-A relationship we uses extends keyword For Has a relationship we use new keyword Ex : Car is a vehicle. Ex : Car has an engine. We cannot say Car is an engine…

‘Has a ‘ relationship is also known as “composition or Aggregation”. As in inheritance we have ‘extends’keyword we don’t have any keyword to implement ‘Has a’ relationship in java. The main advantage of‘Has-A‘ relationship in java code reusability.

‘is a’ relationship is also known as inheritance. We can implement ‘is a’ relationship or inheritance in javausing extends keyword. The advantage or inheritance or is a relationship is reusability of code instead ofduplicating the code.Ex : Motor cycle is a vehicleCar is a vehicle Both car and motorcycle extends vehicle.

Constants in java are created using static and final keywords.1) Constants contains only uppercase letters.2) If constant name is combination of two words it should be separated by underscore.143) Constant names are usually nouns.Ex:MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE, MAX_PRIORITY, MIN_PRIORITY

1) Variable names should start with small letters.2) Variable names should be nouns3) Short meaningful names are recommended.4) If there are multiple words every innerword should start with Uppecase character.Ex : string,value,empName,empSalary